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#008080;\">\uff082\uff09\u4e2d\u671d\u8fb9\u754c\u6709\u5173\u9e2d\u7eff\u6c5f\u3001\u56fe\u4eec\u6c5f\u4e8c\u6c5f\u53d1\u6e90\u5730\u2500\u2500\u957f\u767d\u5c71\u754c\u5cad\u7891\u7684\u7891\u5740\uff0c\u5728\u4eca\u957f\u767d\u5c71\u4e1c\u9e93\u9760\u8fd1\u671d\u9c9c\u4e00\u4fa7\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u662f\u4eca\u767d\u5934\u5c71\u5cf0\u9876\u7684\u5929\u6c60\u6240\u5728\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6839\u636e\u7a46\u514b\u767b\u7684\u52d8\u754c\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u56fe\u4eec\u6c5f\u6c34\u6e90\u8ddd\u9e2d\u7eff\u6c5f\u6c34\u6e90\u7ea6\u516d\u5341\u91cc\u3002\u5176\u201c\u897f\u4e3a\u9e2d\u7eff\uff08\u9e2d\u7eff\u6c5f\uff09\uff0c\u4e1c\u4e3a\u571f\u95e8\uff08\u56fe\u4eec\u6c5f\uff09\uff0c\u6545\u4e8e\u5206\u6c34\u5cad\u4e0a\u52d2\u77f3\u4e3a\u8bb0\u201d\u3002[20]\u80fd\u8bc1\u660e\u6b64\u8bf4\u7684\u53f2\u5b9e\u4f9d\u636e\u4e3a\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008080;\">1885\u5e74\u5728\u4e2d\u671d\u5b98\u5458\u91cd\u52d8\u56fe\u4eec\u6c5f\u6e90\u5934\u65f6\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u56fe\u4eec\u6c5f\u6e90\u5934\u6709\u4e09\u6c34\uff1a\u897f\u8c46\u6c34\u3001\u7ea2\u4e39\u6c34\u3001\u7ea2\u571f\u5c71\u6c34\u3002\u4e09\u6c34\u4e2d\u201c\u552f\u7ea2\u4e39\u6c34\u5728\u767d\u5c71\u4e1c\uff0c\u6b63\u5bf9\u9e2d\u7eff\u6c5f\u6e90\u3002\u4e0e\u5ba1\u89c6\u7891\u6587\u4e1c\u9e2d\u7eff\u897f\u571f\u95e8\u4e4b\u610f\u76f8\u5408\u201d\u3002\u6e05\u5ef7\u4ee3\u8868\u56e0\u6b64\u4e3b\u5f20\u7ea2\u4e39\u6c34\u4e3a\u56fe\u4eec\u6c5f\u6b63\u6e90\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e2d\u671d\u56fd\u754c\u3002\u800c\u671d\u9c9c\u674e\u671d\u4ee3\u8868\u674e\u91cd\u590f\u79f0\u957f\u767d\u5c71\u5357\u80ed\u8102\u5c71\u9e93\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u6709\u4e2d\u97e9\u5206\u754c\u77f3\u4e00\u5ea7\uff0c\u4e3a\u6e05\u7a46\u514b\u767b1712\u5e74\u52d8\u754c\u5ba1\u89c6\u724c\u3002\u53cc\u65b9\u4f1a\u9a8c\u540e\uff0c\u6e05\u5ef7\u4ee3\u8868\u5fb7\u7389\u7b49\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7a46\u514b\u767b\u5ba1\u89c6\u7891\u539f\u7acb\u4e8e\u5c0f\u767d\u5c71\u4e4b\u5206\u6c34\u5cad\u3001\u6709\u7891\u6587\u201c\u4e1c\u4e3a\u571f\u95e8\uff0c\u897f\u4e3a\u9e2d\u7eff\u201d\u4e4b\u8bed\u4e3a\u8bc1\u3002\u800c\u4eca\u51fa\u73b0\u4e8e\u957f\u767d\u5c71\u80ed\u8102\u5cf0\uff0c\u80ed\u8102\u5cf0\u8ddd\u9e2d\u7eff\u3001\u56fe\u4eec\u4e8c\u6c5f\u6e90\u5934\u751a\u8fdc\u3001\u540d\u5b9e\u4e0d\u7b26\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u65ad\u5b9a\u6b64\u7891\u4e3a\u4eba\u79c1\u79fb\u81f3\u6b64\u30021887\u5e74\u53cc\u65b9\u4ee3\u8868\u518d\u52d8\u56fe\u4eec\u6c5f\u6e90\u5934\u65f6\uff0c\u53c8\u4e8e\u6e90\u5934\u5904\u53d1\u73b0\u77f3\u4e59\u6c34\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6e05\u5ead\u4e8e\u6b21\u5e74\uff0c\u9020\u77f3\u7891\u201c\u534e\u3001\u590f\u3001\u91d1\u3001\u6c64\u3001\u56fa\uff1b\u6cb3\u3001\u5c71\u3001\u5e26\u3001\u783a\u3001\u957f\u201d\u5341\u5ea7\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u66ff\u6362\u539f\u7acb\u5728\u56fe\u4eec\u6c5f\u6cbf\u5cb8\u6240\u8bbe\u754c\u724c\uff08\u6728\u724c\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u5782\u4e45\u8fdc\u3002\u5176\u4f9d\u6b21\u6240\u7acb\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e3a\uff1a\u5c0f\u767d\u5c71\u9876\u7acb\u534e\u5b57\u7891\uff0c\u5c0f\u767d\u5c71\u4e1c\u9e93\u6c9f\u53e3\u7acb\u590f\u5b57\u7891\uff0c\u9ec4\u82b1\u677e\u7538\u5b50\u5934\u63a5\u6c9f\u5904\u7acb\u91d1\u5b57\u7891\uff0c\u9ec4\u82b1\u677e\u7538\u5b50\u5c3d\u5904\u6c34\u6c9f\u53e3\u7acb\u6c64\u5b57\u7891\uff0c\u77f3\u4e59\u6c34\u6e90\u7acb\u56fa\u5b57\u7891\uff0c\u77f3\u4e59\u3001\u7ea2\u571f\u6c34\u4f1a\u5408\u5904\u7acb\u6cb3\u5b57\u7891\uff0c\u957f\u5761\u6d6e\u6865\u5357\u5cb8\u7acb\u5c71\u5b57\u7891\uff0c\u77f3\u4e59\u6c34\u3001\u7ea2\u4e39\u6c34\u4f1a\u5408\u5904\u7acb\u5e26\u5b57\u7891\uff0c\u4e09\u6c5f\u53e3\u4e4b\u56fe\u4eec\u6c5f\u897f\u8c46\u6c34\u5408\u6d41\u5904\u7acb\u783a\u5b57\u7891\uff0c\u56fe\u4eec\u6c5f\u3001\u6734\u6cb3\u5904\u7acb\u957f\u5b57\u7891\uff08\u81ea\u957f\u767d\u5c71\u4e1c\u5357\u5c0f\u767d\u5c71\u9876\u201c\u534e\u201d\u5b57\u7891\u8d77\uff0c\u81f3\u6734\u6c34\u5165\u56fe\u4eec\u6c5f\u6c47\u6d41\u5904\u201c\u957f\u201d\u5b57\u7891\u4e3a\u6b62\uff09\u3002[21]\u8fd1\u5e74\u66f4\u6709\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u4f9d\u636e7\u79cd\u4e2d\u671d\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u732e\u8003\u8bc1\u51fa\u7a46\u514b\u767b\u57281712\u5e74\u5de1\u67e5\u4e2d\u671d\u8fb9\u754c\u65f6\u6811\u7acb\u7684\u5ba1\u89c6\u7891\u7891\u5740\u5728\u5c0f\u767d\u5c71\u5206\u6c34\u5cad\uff0c\u5e76\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e86\u8be5\u7891\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u548c\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5176\u7ed3\u8bba\u53ef\u8c13\u65e0\u53ef\u8fa9\u9a73\u3002[22]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008080;\">\u7efc\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\uff1a\u4f9d\u636e\u6e05\u5eb7\u7199\u4e94\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff081712\u5e74\uff09\u4e2d\u671d\u4e24\u56fd\u5b98\u540f\u5408\u52d8\u7684\u4e2d\u671d\u8fb9\u754c\u7ebf\uff0c\u957f\u767d\u5c71\uff08\u4ea6\u79f0\u767d\u5934\u5c71\uff09\u5c5e\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5c5e\u4e8e\u671d\u9c9c\uff0c\u8fd9\u5177\u6709\u6cd5\u5b9a\u6587\u732e\u8d44\u6599\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\u3002\u4e2d\u671d\u9886\u571f\u4e89\u7aef\u7684\u5f00\u7aef\uff0c\u662f\u59cb\u4e8e1962\u5e74\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u671d\u9c9c\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u5e73\u58e4\u7b7e\u8ba2\u300a\u4e2d\u671d\u8fb9\u754c\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u65f6\uff0c[23]\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c06\u957f\u767d\u5c71\uff08\u767d\u5934\u5c71\uff09\u4ee5\u5cf0\u9876\u7684\u5929\u6c60\u4e3a\u754c\uff0c\u8ba9\u7ed9\u671d\u9c9c\u4e8c\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\uff08\u671d\u9c9c\u540e\u5c06\u767d\u5934\u5cf0\u540d\u66f4\u540d\u4e3a\u5c06\u519b\u5cf0\uff09\u3002[24]\u5f53\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u8fd9\u4e00\u4f5c\u6cd5\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u51fa\u81ea\u4e2d\u671d\u53cb\u90a6\u60c5\u8c0a\u2500\u2500\u201c\u540c\u5fd7\u52a0\u5144\u5f1f\u201d\u7684\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u800c\u5c06\u8fb9\u754c\u8f831712\u5e74\uff08\u5eb7\u7199\u4e94\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff09\u4e2d\u671d\u5408\u52d8\u754c\u7ebf\u7684\u540e\u9000\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4ee4\u4e2d\u56fd\u65b9\u9762\u59cb\u6599\u4e0d\u53ca\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u9000\u8ba9\u957f\u767d\u5c71\u5929\u6c60\u4e00\u5927\u534a\u7ed9\u671d\u9c9c\u7684\u5584\u4e3e\uff0c\u97e9\u65b9\u9762\u4e0d\u4f46\u4e0d\u9886\u60c5\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u9886\u4e0a\u8981\u6c42\uff08\u5176\u4e2d\u90e8\u5206\u56e0\u7d20\u662f\u767d\u5934\u5c71\u5929\u6c60\u7684\u9000\u8ba9\uff0c\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u4e2d\u671d\u539f\u52d8\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e73\u5f62\u3001\u65e0\u53ef\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u65e7\u8fb9\u754c\u7ebf\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008080;\">[12] \u89c1\u5434\u6657\u8f91\uff1a\u300a\u671d\u9c9c\u674e\u671d\u5b9e\u5f55\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f2\u6599\u300b\uff08\u5341\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u8083\u5b97\u5b9e\u5f55\u4e09\u300b\u5317\u4eac\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c401980\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c4263\u25004264\u9875\u3002<br \/>\n[13] \u6e05\u671d\u5b98\u5458\u6709\u6709\u7a46\u514b\u767b\u3001\u7b14\u5e16\u5f0f\u82cf\u5c14\u660c\u3001\u5927\u901a\u5b98\u6d2a\u4e8c\u54e5\uff1b\u671d\u9c9c\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u63a5\u4f34\u6734\u6743\uff0c\u89c2\u5bdf\u4f7f\u674e\u5584\u6ea5\uff0c\u63a5\u4f34\u4f7f\u519b\u5b98\u674e\u4e49\u590d\uff0c\u5de1\u4f7f\u519b\u5b98\u8d75\u53f0\u76f8\uff0c\u5c45\u5c71\u5bdf\u8bbf\u8bb8\u6881\u3001\u6734\u9053\u5e38\uff0c\u901a\u5b98\u91d1\u5e94\u5baa\u3001\u91d1\u5e86\u95e8\u3002\u2500\u2500\u89c1\u5b59\u5586\uff1a\u300a\u5eb7\u96cd\u4e7e\u65f6\u671f\u8206\u56fe\u7ed8\u5236\u4e0e\u7586\u57df\u5f62\u6210\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2003\u5e744\u6708\u7b2c1\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c110\u9875\u3002<br \/>\n[14] \u300a\u4e07\u673a\u8981\u89c8\u2022\u519b\u653f\u7bc7\u2022\u767d\u5934\u5c71\u5b9a\u754c\u300b\uff0c\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\u5201\u4e66\u4ec1\u4e3b\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u671d\u5173\u7cfb\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u8bba\u6587\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u957f\u6625\uff0c\u5409\u6797\u6587\u53f2\u51fa\u7248\u793e1995\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c239\u9875\u3002<br \/>\n[15] \u300a\u4e07\u673a\u8981\u89c8\u2022\u519b\u653f\u7bc7\u2022\u767d\u5934\u5c71\u5b9a\u754c\u300b\uff0c\u89c1\u5201\u4e66\u4ec1\u4e3b\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u671d\u5173\u7cfb\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u8bba\u6587\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u5409\u6797\u6587\u53f2\u51fa\u7248\u793e1995\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c239\u9875\u3002\u8f6c\u5f15\u5b59\u5586\uff1a\u300a\u5eb7\u96cd\u4e7e\u65f6\u671f\u8206\u56fe\u7ed8\u5236\u4e0e\u7586\u57df\u5f62\u6210\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2003\u5e744\u6708\u7b2c1\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c110\u9875\u3002<br \/>\n[16] 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