{"id":7311,"date":"2021-12-08T13:01:53","date_gmt":"2021-12-08T05:01:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/116.62.177.32\/?p=7311"},"modified":"2021-12-08T13:01:53","modified_gmt":"2021-12-08T05:01:53","slug":"%e4%b8%a4%e5%a4%84%e4%bc%a0%e6%95%99%e5%a3%ab%e5%a2%93","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/jiuyingzhi.com\/?p=7311","title":{"rendered":"\u4e24\u5904\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5893"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\u51e0\u5e74\u524d\u63a5\u4e86\u4e2a\u6709\u5173\u536b\u5321\u56fd\u7684\u51fa\u7248\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u5f88\u8ba4\u771f\u5730\u6536\u96c6\u4e86\u4e9b\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u56e0\u4e3a\u79cd\u79cd\u539f\u56e0\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\u6b62\u4e86\u3002\u524d\u51e0\u5929\u7ffb\u770b\u5730\u56fe\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5076\u7136\u53d1\u73b0\u201c\u536b\u5321\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7eaa\u5ff5\u56ed\u201d\uff01\u6ca1\u80fd\u5b8c\u6210\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u6127\u759a\u611f\u7acb\u523b\u88ab\u5524\u9192\u4e86\uff0c\u6b63\u597d\u5468\u65e5\u5728\u676d\u5dde\u6ca1\u5b89\u6392\uff0c\u6211\u51b3\u5b9a\u53bb\u770b\u770b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"711\" src=\"http:\/\/116.62.177.32\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini01.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7318\" srcset=\"http:\/\/jiuyingzhi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini01.jpg 600w, http:\/\/jiuyingzhi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini01-253x300.jpg 253w, http:\/\/jiuyingzhi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini01-127x150.jpg 127w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption>\u536b\u5321\u56fd\u7740\u4e2d\u5f0f\u670d\u88c5\u6cb9\u753b\u8096\u50cf\uff0cMichaelina Wautier\u7ed8\u4e8e\u7ea61654\u5e74\uff0c\u56fe\u6e90\u81eawikipedia<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u536b\u5321\u56fd\u51fa\u751f\u5728\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7684\u7279\u4f26\u6258\uff0c\u672c\u540dMartino Martini\uff0c\u5b57\u6d4e\u6cf0\uff0c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u4ed6\u7684\u751f\u5e73\u7f51\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u5f88\u591a\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u6211\u6700\u4f69\u670d\u4ed6\u7684\u4e24\u70b9\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u610f\u5fd7\u575a\u5b9a\uff0c\u5728\u77ed\u6682\u7684\u4e00\u751f\u4e2d\uff081614-1661\uff09\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u4ed6\u8dd1\u4e86\u4e09\u6b21\uff08\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b211640-1642\u5e74\u4ece\u8461\u8404\u7259\u91cc\u65af\u672c\u5230\u6fb3\u95e8\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b211651-1653\u5e74\u4ece\u5b89\u6d77\u5230\u632a\u5a01\u5351\u5c14\u6839\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b211657-1659\u5e74\u4ece\u8461\u8404\u7259\u91cc\u65af\u672c\u5230\u676d\u5dde\uff09\uff0c\u82b1\u5728\u6d77\u4e0a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u81f3\u5c11\u516d\u5e74\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5228\u53bb\u4ed6\u52a0\u5165\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u4e00\u751f\u6709\u4e94\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5728\u5f80\u8fd4\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6d77\u4e0a\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u9014\u4e2d\u9047\u5230\u7684\u98ce\u6d6a\u4e0e\u6d77\u76d7\u7b49\u5371\u9669\u4e5f\u6ca1\u80fd\u52a8\u6447\u4ed6\uff0c\u652f\u6491\u5982\u6b64\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u5fc5\u5b9a\u662f\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u4e8c\u662f\u4ed6\u5411\u6b27\u6d32\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0a\u53e4\u53f2\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5341\u5377\u300b\uff08<em>Sinic\u00e6 Histori\u00e6 Decas Prima<\/em>, Munich 1658\uff09\u3001\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e2d\u6587\u8bed\u6cd5\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u6cd5\u300b\uff08<em>Grammatica Linguae Sinensis<\/em>\uff09\u3001\u4ecb\u7ecd\u660e\u6e05\u4ea4\u9645\u65f6\u6240\u89c1\u6240\u95fb\u7684\u300a\u8bba\u9791\u977c\u4e4b\u6218\u300b\uff08<em>De Bello Tartarico Historia<\/em>, Antwerp 1654\uff09\u3001\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u65b0\u5730\u56fe\u96c6\u300b\uff08<em>Novus Atlas Sinensis<\/em>\uff0cAmsterdam 1655\uff09\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u65b0\u5730\u56fe\u96c6\u300b\u6211\u770b\u8fc7\u539f\u7248\uff0c\u592a\u60ca\u8273\u4e86\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u662f\u4e00\u4efd\u76f8\u5bf9\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u5730\u7406\u5730\u5f62\u56fe\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4e00\u4efd\u7cbe\u7f8e\u7684\u827a\u672f\u54c1\uff0c\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u827a\u672f\u878d\u5408\u7684\u5178\u8303\u3002\u8fd9\u5957\u5730\u56fe\u5e26\u7ed9\u6b27\u6d32\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5bf9\u5177\u8c61\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u8bf4\u5730\u56fe\u5c31\u662f\u6743\u5229\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u4e0d\u540c\u8bed\u79cd\u7684\u591a\u6b21\u518d\u7248\u4ece\u4fa7\u9762\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u8fd9\u5957\u5206\u7701\u5730\u56fe\u96c6\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u591a\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"645\" src=\"http:\/\/116.62.177.32\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini02.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7319\" srcset=\"http:\/\/jiuyingzhi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini02.jpg 600w, http:\/\/jiuyingzhi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini02-279x300.jpg 279w, http:\/\/jiuyingzhi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini02-140x150.jpg 140w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption>\u676d\u5dde\u4e2d\u5c71\u5317\u8def\u7684\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff0c\u5f53\u5e74\u7531\u536b\u5321\u56fd\u4e3b\u6301\u4fee\u5efa\uff0c\u6444\u4e8e2020\u5e749\u67081\u65e5<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u536b\u5321\u56fd1659\u5e74\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u89d0\u89c1\u4e86\u987a\u6cbb\u7687\u5e1d\u540e\uff0c\u56de\u676d\u5dde\u4fee\u5efa\u4e86\u73b0\u5728\u4e2d\u5c71\u5317\u8def\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\uff0c1661\u5e74\u56e0\u970d\u4e71\u5728\u676d\u5dde\u53bb\u4e16\u3002\u536b\u5321\u56fd\u7684\u5893\u5730\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u6e05\u521d\u7684\u6587\u732e\u8bb0\u8f7d\u662f\u201c\u5893\u5728\u676d\u5dde\u65b9\u4e95\u5357\u201d\uff08\u6e05\u521d\u97e9\u9716\u3001\u5f20\u8d53\u8457\u300a\u5723\u6559\u4fe1\u5f15\u300b\uff0c\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\u5f90\u660e\u5fb7\u201c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u6c49\u5b66\u5bb6\u536b\u5321\u56fd\u5893\u5730\u8003\u201d\uff0c\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u300a\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u300b1981\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c184\u9875\uff09\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u7ecf\u5f90\u660e\u5fb7\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u65b9\u8c6a\u7684\u8bb0\u8f7d\u201c\u676d\u5dde\u6843\u56ed\u5cad\u9e93\u4e4b\u65b9\u4e95\u5357\u53e4\u5893\u201d\uff08\u65b9\u8c6a\uff1a\u300a\u6d59\u6c5f\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u7565\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u56fd\u98ce\u6708\u520a\u300b\u7b2c\u516b\u5377\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e5d\u3001\u5341\u671f\uff0c1936\u5e7410\u6708\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u8f6c\u5f15\u540c\u4e0a\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u5b9e\u5730\u8003\u5bdf\u540e\u6700\u540e\u786e\u5b9a\u5176\u4f4d\u4e8e\u201c\u676d\u5dde\u5e02\u897f\u6e56\u533a\u7559\u4e0b\u516c\u793e\u4e1c\u5cb3\u5927\u961f\u7b2c\u516d\u751f\u4ea7\u961f\u7684\u6843\u56ed\u5cad\u9e93\uff0c\u65b0\u51c9\u4ead\u9644\u8fd1\uff0c\u676d\u5fbd\u516c\u8def\u5357\u4fa7\u8def\u8fb9\u3002\u201d\uff08\u5f90\u660e\u5fb7\uff0c1981\uff0c\u7b2c184\u9875\uff09\u201c\u65b9\u4e95\u5357\u201d\u8fd9\u5757\u5893\u5730\u662f\u660e\u672b\u6cb3\u5357\u6309\u5bdf\u4f7f\u53f8\u526f\u4f7f\uff0c\u540e\u5b98\u81f3\u5149\u7984\u5bfa\u5c11\u537f\u3001\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92\u6768\u5ef7\u7b60\u6240\u8d60\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u5176\u957f\u5b50\u53c8\u5c06\u9644\u8fd1\u7530\u5730\u82e5\u5e72\u4ea9\u9001\u7ed9\u676d\u5dde\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u4f9b\u5b88\u5893\u4e4b\u7528\u30021676\u5e74\uff08\u6e05\u5eb7\u7199\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff09\u676d\u5dde\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u7684\u6bb7\u94ce\u6cfd\u795e\u7236\u5728\u65b9\u4e95\u5357\u5893\u5730\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u5ea7\u5730\u4e0b\u5893\u5ba4\uff0c\u4e8e\u4e24\u5e74\u540e\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u846c\u5728\u676d\u5dde\u7684\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u58eb\u9057\u9ab8\u5e76\u505a\u4e86\u96c6\u4f53\u8fc1\u846c\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f00\u68fa\u65f6\u53d1\u73b0\u536b\u5321\u56fd\u9057\u4f53\u4fdd\u5b58\u5b8c\u597d\uff0c\u5b9b\u5982\u751f\u4eba\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u88ab\u957f\u671f\u4f9b\u5949\uff08\u81f3\u5c11\u5230\u6e05\u5609\u5e86\u5e74\u95f4\u4f9d\u7136\u5982\u6b64\uff09\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u6ca1\u5165\u6559\u7684\u8001\u767e\u59d3\u90fd\u5c06\u5176\u5949\u4e3a\u795e\u7075\uff0c\u711a\u9999\u71c3\u8721\uff0c\u78d5\u5934\u53e9\u62dc\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6700\u540e\u5c38\u4f53\u840e\u7f29\u624d\u88ab\u6536\u5165\u74ee\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u5ea7\u5893\u5ba4\u201c\u7cfb\u77f3\u7a9f\uff0c\u6b63\u65b9\u5f62\uff0c\u6df1\u5e7f\u5404\u53ef\u4e8c\u4e08\uff0c\u9ad8\u51fa\u5730\u9762\u4ea6\u5bfb\u4e08\u3002\u201d\uff08\u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c185\u9875\uff09\u901a\u5f80\u5730\u4e0b\u7684\u77f3\u9636\u6709\u516d\u7ea7\uff0c\u9876\u90e8\u77f3\u62f1\u9876\uff0c\u5185\u90e8\u5206\u4e09\u5ba4\uff0c\u4e24\u8033\u5ba4\u8f83\u5c0f\uff0c\u6446\u653e\u7740\u76db\u6709\u9057\u9ab8\u7684\u74e6\u74ee\uff0c\u4e2d\u5ba4\u8f83\u5927\uff0c\u7f6e\u67e9\u3002\u5893\u7a9f\u5916\u95e8\u5de6\u53f3\u5206\u522b\u7acb\u6709\u4e00\u5757\u77f3\u7891\uff0c\u9ad8\u4e8c\u5c3a\u8bb8\uff0c\u9614\u4e00\u5c3a\u8bb8\u3002\u53f3\u8fb9\u7684\u77f3\u7891\u4e0a\u523b\u7740\u201c\u5929\u5b66\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u6cf0\u897f\u4fee\u58eb\u53d7\u94ce\u5fb7\u54c1\u7ea7\u8bf8\u516c\u4e4b\u5893\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u4e0b\u548c\u5de6\u8fb9\u77f3\u7891\u523b\u7740\u6240\u85cf\u9057\u9ab8\u7684\u4e3b\u4eba\u540d\u3001\u56fd\u522b\u3001\u6765\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u3001\u53bb\u4e16\u65e5\u671f\u53ca\u5e74\u7eaa\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u662f\u7f57\u6000\u4e2d\uff08\u5112\u671b\uff09\u3001\u91d1\u56db\u8868\uff08\u5c3c\u9601\uff09\u3001\u9ece\u653b\u7389\uff08\u5b81\u77f3\uff09\u3001\u5f90\u5de6\u6052\uff08\u65e5\u5347\uff09\u3001\u90ed\u4ef0\u51e4\uff08\u5c45\u9759\uff09\u3001\u4f0f\u5b9a\u6e90\uff08\u82e5\u671b\uff09\u3001\u9633\u6f14\u897f\uff08\u739b\u8bfa\uff09\u3001\u536b\u6d4e\u6cf0\uff08\u5321\u56fd\uff09\u3001\u6d2a\u590d\u658b\uff08\u5ea6\u8d1e\uff09\u7b49\u4ee5\u53ca\u53e6\u5916\u56db\u540d\u795e\u7236\u30021736\u5e74\uff08\u6e05\u4e7e\u9686\u5143\u5e74\uff09\u548c1874\u5e74\uff08\u6e05\u540c\u6cbb\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\uff09\u676d\u5dde\u7684\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4f1a\u5206\u522b\u91cd\u4fee\u4e86\u5893\u5730\uff0c\u5728\u5893\u7a9f\u6b63\u95e8\u4e0a\u65b9\u52a0\u5efa\u523b\u6709\u5341\u5b57\u7684\u77f3\u7891\u4e00\u5ea7\uff0c\u4e0a\u4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class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"468\" src=\"http:\/\/116.62.177.32\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini03.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7320\" srcset=\"http:\/\/jiuyingzhi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini03.jpg 600w, http:\/\/jiuyingzhi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini03-300x234.jpg 300w, http:\/\/jiuyingzhi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini03-150x117.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption>\u5893\u5ba4\u5185\u90e8\u88c5\u6709\u9057\u9ab8\u7684\u74e6\u74ee\uff0c1910\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u7518\u535a\u6444\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u675c\u514b\u5927\u5b66\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u6536\u85cfhttps:\/\/idn.duke.edu\/ark:\/87924\/r3xk8527d<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"471\" src=\"http:\/\/116.62.177.32\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini04.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7321\" srcset=\"http:\/\/jiuyingzhi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini04.jpg 600w, http:\/\/jiuyingzhi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini04-300x236.jpg 300w, http:\/\/jiuyingzhi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini04-150x118.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption>\u676d\u5dde\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5723\u4fee\u58eb\u5893\u5730\u5916\u666f\uff0c1910\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u7518\u535a\u6444\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u675c\u514b\u5927\u5b66\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u6536\u85cfhttps:\/\/idn.duke.edu\/ark:\/87924\/r32b8vq14<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"526\" src=\"http:\/\/116.62.177.32\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini05.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7322\" 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\u7b2c231\u9875\uff0c\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u6805\u680f\u5728\u77e5\u4e4e\u4e0a\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff09\u8fd9\u662f\u5893\u56ed\u5730\u9762\u5efa\u7b51\u7684\u6700\u521d\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u800c\u5893\u5730\u4f4d\u4e8e\u8fd9\u56db\u8fdb\u9662\u843d\u4e4b\u540e\u3002\u636e\u5218\u4f97\u300a\u5e1d\u4eac\u666f\u7269\u7565\u300b\u8f7d\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\u5893\u7684\u6837\u5f0f\u53ca\u540e\u9762\u7684\u516d\u89d2\u4ead\uff1a\u201c\u5176\u574e\u5c01\u4e5f\uff0c\u5f02\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u5c01\u4e0b\u65b9\u800c\u4e0a\u571c\uff0c\u65b9\u82e5\u53f0\u572e\uff0c\u571c\u82e5\u65ad\u6728\u3002\u540e\u865a\u5802\u516d\u89d2\uff0c\u6240\u4f9b\u7eb5\u6a2a\u5341\u5b57\u6587\u3002\u540e\u57a3\u4e0d\u96d5\u7bc6\u800c\u65cb\u7eb9\u3002\u810a\u7eb9\uff0c\u87ad\u4e4b\u5c90\u5176\u5c3e\u3002\u80a9\u7eb9\uff0c\u8776\u4e4b\u77eb\u5176\u987b\u3002\u65c1\u7eb9\uff0c\u8c61\u4e4b\u5377\u5176\u9f3b\u4e5f\u3002\u57a3\u4e4b\u56db\u9685\uff0c\u77f3\u4e5f\uff0c\u6775\u82e5\u5854\u82e5\u7109\u2026\u2026\u5893\u524d\u5802\u4e8c\u91cd\uff0c\u7940\u5176\u56fd\u4e4b\u5723\u8d24\u3002\u5802\u524d\u6677\u77f3\uff0c\u6709\u94ed\u7109\uff0c\u66f0\uff1a\u7f8e\u65e5\u5bf8\u5f71\uff0c\u52ff\u5c14\u7a7a\u8fc7\uff0c\u6240\u89c1\u4e07\u54c1\uff0c\u4e0e\u65f6\u5e76\u6d41\u3002\u201d\u6839\u636e\u6a0a\u56fd\u6a11\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u6574\u5ea7\u5893\u56ed\u5448\u957f\u65b9\u5f62\uff0c\u6700\u5317\u7aef\u662f\u516d\u89d2\u4ead\uff0c\u5176\u5357\u4fa7\u662f\u5893\uff0c\u5893\u5357\u8fb9\u662f\u4e00\u6761\u5f88\u957f\u7684\u752c\u9053\u901a\u5f80\u51fa\u53e3\uff0c\u752c\u9053\u7684\u4e1c\u5317\u89d2\u9760\u8fd1\u56f4\u5899\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5219\u57cb\u7740\u8fd9\u5757\u5730\u7684\u539f\u4e3b\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u6768\u59d3\u592a\u76d1\uff0c\u5893\u56ed\u5357\u8fb9\u540e\u6765\u62c6\u6539\u6210\u793c\u62dc\u5802\u7b49\u9644\u5c5e\u5efa\u7b51\uff08Alphonse Favie, Peking. Histoire et Description, 1897, \u7b2c142\u9875\uff09\u3002\u6700\u521d\uff0c\u7f57\u96c5\u8c37\u3001\u9f99\u534e\u6c11\u7b49\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u53bb\u4e16\u540e\u90fd\u4f9d\u6b21\u57cb\u5728\u752c\u9053\u4e24\u4fa7\uff0c\u4f46\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u901d\u4e16\u540e\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u5728\u5893\u56ed\u897f\u4fa7\u53c8\u5f00\u8f9f\u4e86\u4e00\u7247\u72ed\u957f\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u4e2d\u95f4\u662f\u5f88\u957f\u7684\u752c\u9053\uff0c\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u7684\u5893\u5728\u752c\u9053\u6700\u5317\u7aef\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u6c64\u5893\u5357\u4fa7\u7684\u752c\u9053\u4e24\u65c1\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u5806\u77f3\u5367\u9a6c\u548c\u4e00\u5bf9\u6267\u7b0f\u677f\u7684\u77f3\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u5229\u3001\u6c64\u4e8c\u4eba\u7684\u5893\u524d\u90fd\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u77f3\u684c\u548c\u77f3\u4e94\u4f9b\u3002\u622a\u6b621704\u5e74\uff0c\u4e0b\u846c\u4e1c\u4fa7\u5893\u56ed\u7684\u6709\u7f57\u96c5\u8c37\uff083\u53f7\u5893\uff0c\u636eFavier, 1897, \u7b2c172\u9875\uff0c\u4e0b\u540c\u3002\u7b2c2\u30014-5\u53f7\u5893\u6211\u6ca1\u67e5\u5230\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u540d\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u7b2c8\u53f7\u662f\u897f\u4fa7\u5893\u56ed\u7684\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\uff09\u3001\u9f99\u534e\u6c11\uff086\u53f7\u5893\uff09\u3001\u90ed\u591a\u540d\uff087\u53f7\u5893\uff09\u3001\u90d1\u739b\u8bfa\uff08\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u53f7\u60df\u4fe1\uff0c\u5e7f\u4e1c\u9999\u5c71\u53bf\u4eba\uff0c1645\u5e74\u5728\u536b\u5321\u56fd\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\u8d74\u6b27\u6d32\uff0c\u5728\u7f57\u9a6c\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c1666\u5e74\u8fd4\u534e\uff0c1671\u5e74\u8fdb\u4eac\uff0c1673\u5e74\u75c5\u901d\u30029\u53f7\u5893\uff09\u3001\u5b89\u6587\u601d\uff0810\u53f7\u5893\uff09\u3001\u5229\u7c7b\u601d\uff0811\u53f7\u5893\uff09\u3001\u5357\u6000\u4ec1\uff0812\u53f7\u5893\uff09\u3001\u90ed\u5929\u7235\uff0813\u53f7\u5893\uff09\u3001\u7fdf\u656c\u81e3\uff0814\u53f7\u5893\uff09\u3001\u5357\u5149\u56fd\uff0815\u53f7\u5893\uff09\u3001\u6a0a\u7ee7\u8bad\uff0816\u53f7\u5893\uff09\u3001\u4e60\u5723\u5b66\uff0817\u53f7\u5893\uff09\u3002\u81f31900\u5e74\uff0c\u5171\u670986\u4f4d\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u795e\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u846c\u5728\u6805\u680f\u5893\u5730\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e74\u6805\u680f\u5893\u5730\u4e5f\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u906d\u9047\u706d\u9876\u4e4b\u707e\uff0c\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u4e0d\u4ec5\u62c6\u6bc1\u4e86\u90e8\u5206\u56f4\u5899\uff0c\u8fd8\u628a\u5168\u90e8\u6709\u7684\u5893\u7891\u63a8\u5012\uff0c\u6398\u5f00\u4e86\u6bcf\u5ea7\u5893\u7a74\u3002\u300a\u8f9b\u4e11\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u7b7e\u8ba2\u540e\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u83b7\u5f97\u8d54\u6b3e\uff0c\u6805\u680f\u5893\u5730\u4e5f\u5f97\u5230\u4fee\u590d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"448\" src=\"http:\/\/116.62.177.32\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini07.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7324\" srcset=\"http:\/\/jiuyingzhi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini07.jpg 600w, http:\/\/jiuyingzhi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini07-300x224.jpg 300w, http:\/\/jiuyingzhi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini07-150x112.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption>\u6805\u680f\u5893\u5730\u5927\u95e8\uff0c\u752c\u9053\u7684\u5c3d\u5934\u5c31\u662f\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\u5893\uff0c1864\u5e74<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"407\" src=\"http:\/\/116.62.177.32\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini08.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7325\" srcset=\"http:\/\/jiuyingzhi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini08.jpg 600w, http:\/\/jiuyingzhi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini08-300x204.jpg 300w, http:\/\/jiuyingzhi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini08-150x102.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption>1864\u5e74\u6cd5\u56fd\u753b\u62a5Le Monde\u4e0a\u520a\u767b\u7684\u6839\u636e\u7167\u7247\u7ed8\u5236\u7684\u6728\u523b\u7248\u753b\u6805\u680f\u5893\u5730\u7684\u5893\u7891\u53ca\u77f3\u4e94\u4f9b<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"478\" src=\"http:\/\/116.62.177.32\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini09.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7326\" srcset=\"http:\/\/jiuyingzhi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini09.jpg 600w, http:\/\/jiuyingzhi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini09-300x239.jpg 300w, http:\/\/jiuyingzhi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini09-150x120.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption>\u6a0a\u56fd\u6a11\u4e66\u4e2d1610\u5e74\uff08\u5de6\uff09\u548c1704\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\uff08\u53f3\uff09\u6805\u680f\u5893\u5730\u7684\u5e73\u9762\u56fe<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"461\" src=\"http:\/\/116.62.177.32\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini10.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7327\" srcset=\"http:\/\/jiuyingzhi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini10.jpg 600w, http:\/\/jiuyingzhi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini10-300x231.jpg 300w, http:\/\/jiuyingzhi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini10-150x115.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption>\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\u5893\uff0c1870\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5de6\u8fb9\u53ef\u89c1\u9732\u51fa\u4e00\u534a\u7684\u77f3\u4e94\u4f9b<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"470\" src=\"http:\/\/116.62.177.32\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini11.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7328\" srcset=\"http:\/\/jiuyingzhi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini11.jpg 600w, http:\/\/jiuyingzhi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini11-300x235.jpg 300w, http:\/\/jiuyingzhi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/matini11-150x118.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption>\u6c64\u82e5\u671b\u5893\uff0c1870\u5e74\u4ee3<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"453\" 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